Loaded with major ions — the essential minerals (Ca, Mg).
Buoyancy
Standard buoyancy
LowHigh
Soft water — natural, classic buoyancy.
BicarbonatesSodiumCalcium
This geothermal borehole (bušotina) in the Pannonian Basin of Croatia or Hungary taps the deep bicarbonate-rich geothermal aquifer of Central Europe's most productive thermal region, supplying naturally warm mineral water for a spa or recreational bathing facility. The Pannonian Basin's geothermal boreholes, drilled from the 1950s onward as part of systematic Central European geothermal resource development, have been the primary means of accessing the region's deep thermal water resources where natural springs are absent or insufficient. The thermal water accessed by such boreholes underpins the remarkable thermal spa traditions of Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia — countries that collectively form one of the world's most geothermally rich cultural spa regions.
Insider tip — Varazdinske Toplice is one of Croatia's oldest continuously operating thermal spas, with documented use stretching back to the Roman settlement of Aquae Iasae, whose ruins are partly preserved at the site. The bicarbonate-calcium waters emerge at 58 degrees Celsius and are cooled for bathing, prized for treating rheumatic and orthopedic conditions. The small spa town retains a calm, medically oriented atmosphere dominated by the regional hospital and cure facilities rather than leisure resort infrastructure. The Varazdin Baroque old town is only 20 km away for a cultural complement.